Ocular (Eye) Trauma in Cats
By: Dr. Noelle McNabb
Ocular trauma may result from either blunt or sharp forces applied directly to the eye. Blunt injuries to the eye are sustained when flat or dull objects strike the surface of the eye and often traumatize the eye without penetrating it. These concussive forces can result in forward displacement of the eye from the bony eye socket (proptosis), lens displacement (luxation), bleeding within the front chamber of the eye (hyphema), retinal detachment, fractures of the bones around the eye, and occasionally rupture and collapse of the eyeball (globe).
Sharp injuries occur when piercing, pointed or jagged objects forcefully connect with the eye. Common examples include cat claw injuries, thorns, branches and sticks, sharp toys, or small airborne objects.
Potential injuries to the eye include laceration or abrasion of the eyelids, cornea, conjunctiva and sclera, penetration of the cornea or eye itself, hyphema, lens displacement or lens capsule tear, and orbital injuries.
Ocular trauma can affect pets of any age. Younger animals are more likely to act without caution and may not be as adept at protecting their eyes. They are also more likely to stray from their owners and become injured by other animals or be involved in road accidents. Outdoor cats are more prone to ocular trauma and are also more likely to encounter other unrestrained or wild animals, and vehicles. Non-neutered male cats are more prone to roaming and are at a higher risk for traumatic injuries associated with fighting.
What to Watch ForAnimals with minor ocular trauma may show the following symptoms:
Increased blinking, squinting and tearing
Redness of the eye
Corneal cloudiness
Minor bleeding from the eye or eyelids
Bruising around the face and head
Protrusion of the third eyelid
Pawing at the eye
Animals with major ocular trauma show the following symptoms:
Signs of extreme pain, reluctance to have the head touched or examined
Closed and squinted eyelids
Increased eye discharge (tearing, mucous strands or bleeding)
Significant bleeding within the eye with subsequent blindness.
Significant color changes of the eye such as corneal cloudiness and increased redness
Deformities in the shape of the eye or structures around the eye
Lethargy, reluctance to eat or drink
Possibly signs of trauma to other areas of the body
Diagnosis
Veterinary care includes diagnostic tests to determine the severity and extent of the injuries that were sustained by the eye and to determine appropriate treatments. There are several potential diagnostic tests. These tests include:
Physical examination and history. They include examination for head injuries, swelling and fractures of the skull, nose (nasal sinuses), and jaw. Animals with evidence of major ocular trauma must be evaluated for concurrent injuries that may be life threatening or that require immediate stabilization, such as trauma to the chest and abdomen. Historically, it is important to determine whether the trauma was blunt or sharp in nature, and if the injuries presented are recent (acute) or chronic. This information helps determine the prognosis.
Complete ophthalmic examination. It includes examination of all structures of the eye and surrounding tissues under magnification. Fluorescein staining of the cornea is particularly important to identify corneal wounds. Your veterinarian may refer your cat to a veterinary ophthalmologist for further examination using specialized instrumentation.
Neurologic examination to assess the presence of any neurologic injury in animals with head trauma
Skull X-rays to determine the presence of skull, nasal or jaw fractures
Ultrasound examination of the eye if the eye is too opaque to allow examination, or ultrasound examination of the orbit if trauma is suspected behind the eye
Computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) particularly if brain injury is suspected
Treatment
Treatment depends on the extent and severity of the ocular injuries. Treatment may involve either medical, or medical and surgical intervention to stabilize the ocular injuries.
Home Care
Obtaining immediate veterinary medical attention is critical as many forms of ocular trauma are vision threatening, and most are associated with significant discomfort or pain.
Keep your cat quiet and confined to a safe area in order to minimize further injury. Do not allow him to rub excessively or traumatize the injured eye. A protective collar called an Elizabethan collar may be necessary to ensure this and may be obtained from your veterinarian.
Do not administer human over-the-counter medicines such as Visine® or other ophthalmic products designed to reduce eye redness or irritation as the extent of the injury must be identified and appropriately treated.
Preventive Care
It helps to neuter male cats to reduce the incidence of roaming and fighting.
