Section: Overview
Splenic hemorrhage occurs when tumors of the spleen rupture, slowly bleed or invade into a blood vessel causing blood to enter the abdominal cavity. The spleen can also bleed when it is fractured or lacerated due to trauma. Splenic tumors can be either hematomas (an organized, local collection of blood) benign hemangiomas or malignant hemangiosarcomas. All forms have the potential to rupture and bleed. Depending on the degree of blood loss, and how rapidly the blood is lost, a splenic hemorrhage may be an emergency situation.
What to Watch For
Weakness
Collapse
Abdominal distension
Increased respiratory effort
Pale mucus membranes (the best place to check is the gums or inner lining of the lips)
Other signs that might indicate a more chronic (longer term or gradual) blood loss include: anorexia, lethargy, intermittent weakness, and weight loss.
Diagnosis
A thorough history and physical exam is critical for prompt and accurate diagnosis. Tests may include:
Abdominal radiographs (X-rays)
Abdominocentesis, which is inserting a needle and syringe into the abdominal cavity to obtain a sample for diagnostic evaluation
Fluid analysis of the retrieved sample is required for definitive evaluation
Complete blood count
Depending on the animal's condition and initial test results, additional tests that may be required include:
Biochemical profile
Coagulation panel
Abdominal ultrasound
Computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Treatment
The general approach to treatment varies on the clinical condition of the patient and the cause of the splenic hemorrhage. Treatment may include:
Intravenous fluid therapy
Blood transfusions
Belly wrap
Oxygen therapy
Analgesic therapy (pain medication)
Emergency exploratory surgery
Home Care
A splenic hemorrhage may be an emergency situation. Veterinary care should be given as soon as possible.
Keep your pet calm and comfortable. Minimize stress and keep your pet warm. If a traumatic injury is suspected, be careful moving your pet, as fractures may be present.
