Ascites in Dogs

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Ascites in Dogs

By: Dr. Douglas Brum

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Section: Overview

Ascites is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity. The volume of the fluid can be quite subtle, or it may be significant, causing distention of the abdomen. Ascites has many causes, most of which can be very serious. Ascites is caused by the leakage of fluid into the abdomen from blood vessels, lymphatics, internal organs or abdominal masses.

Causes

Hypoalbuminemia or a decrease in the blood albumin level

Severe liver disease

Right sided heart failure

Abdominal masses

Trauma

Peritonitis or inflammation of the inner lining of the abdomen

Bleeding disorders

Diseases of lymphatics

Obstruction of the hepatic vein or caudal (lower) vena cava causing compromises in blood circulation

What to Watch For

Abdominal distension

Breathing difficulty or increased respiratory effort

Abdominal discomfort

Lethargy

Cough

Vomiting

Diarrhea

Fever

Anorexia

Weakness

Diagnosis

Certain diagnostic tests must be performed for a definitive diagnosis of the underlying cause of ascites. The following tests should be considered:

A complete history and physical exam should always be performed

Complete blood test (CBC)

Biochemical profile

Urinalysis

Chest and abdominal x-rays

Abdominocentesis or peritoneal lavage with fluid analysis and culture. This involves sampling of the fluid from the abdomen for analysis and cultured if infection is suspected

Based on the results of these initial tests, further diagnostics might include:

Bile acid measurements

Serum lipase

Abdominal ultrasound and ultrasound guided biopsies

Echocardiogram

Endoscopy (a fiber optic scope that is placed through the mouth and into the stomach and small bowel. The mucosa can be visualized and biopsies obtained)

Treatment

An accurate diagnosis is needed for proper therapy. Pending a definitive diagnosis, certain treatments may be appropriate:

Therapeutic abdominocentesis (removing a larger amount of fluid from the abdomen) if the amount of abdominal distention is compromising the animal's ability to breath

Diuretics to promote fluid excretion

Oxygen therapy if the animal is in respiratory distress

Intravenous fluids in cases of shock or dehydration

Transfusions of blood products

Antibiotic therapy if infection is suspected

Home Care

Keep your pet calm and minimize stress. Make sure your pet stays warm and provide fresh water if your pet wants to drink. Seek veterinary care immediately if your pet is having trouble breathing or is extremely weak.

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