Hemoperitoneum: Abdominal Bleeding in Dogs

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Hemoperitoneum: Abdominal Bleeding in Dogs

By: Dr. Douglas Brum

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Section: Overview

Hemoperitoneum is defined as blood within the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity. The blood accumulates in the space between the inner lining of the abdominal wall and the internal abdominal organs.

Some causes include:

Traumatic injuries – these are most common

Intra-abdominal tumors or tumors within the abdomen - these can rupture, slowly bleed, or invade into a blood vessel causing blood to enter the abdominal cavity

Hematomas – these are organized, local collections of blood that can rupture and bleed

Coagulopathies – these are clotting disorders that can cause bleeding within the abdomen as well as in other sites

Depending on the degree of blood loss, and how rapidly the blood is lost, a hemoperitoneum may be an emergency situation.

What to Watch For

Weakness

Collapse

Abdominal distension

Subcutaneous (under the skin) bruising

Increased respiratory effort

Pale mucus membranes (the best place to check is the gums or inner lining of the lips)

Other signs that might indicate a more chronic (longer term or gradual) blood loss include: anorexia, lethargy, intermittent weakness, and weight loss.

Diagnosis

A thorough history and physical exam is critical for prompt, and accurate diagnosis. Your veterinarian may also recommend:

Abdominal radiographs (x-rays)

Abdominocentesis (inserting a needle and syringe into the abdominal cavity) to obtain a sample for diagnostic evaluation

Fluid analysis of the retrieved sample is required for definitive evaluation

Complete blood count

Depending on your pet's condition and initial test results, additional tests that may be required. These may include:

Biochemical profile

Coagulation panel

Abdominal ultrasound

Computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Treatment

The general approach to treatment varies on the clinical condition of the patient and the cause of the hemoperitoneum. Therapy generally includes:

Intravenous fluid therapy

Blood transfusions

Belly wrap

Oxygen therapy

Analgesic therapy (pain medication)

Vitamin K administration

Emergency exploratory surgery

Home Care

A hemoperitoneum may be an emergency situation. Veterinary care should be given as soon as possible. Keep your pet calm and comfortable. Minimize stress until you can get to a veterinary hospital. Keep your pet warm. If a traumatic injury is suspected, be careful moving your pet, as fractures may be present.

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