Section: Overview
Hemoperitoneum (also commonly called hemoabdomen) is defined as blood within the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity. The blood accumulates in the space between the inner lining of the abdominal wall and the internal abdominal organs.
Some causes include:
Traumatic injuries – these are most common
Intra-abdominal tumors or tumors within the abdomen - these can rupture, slowly bleed, or invade into a blood vessel causing blood to enter the abdominal cavity
Hematomas – these are organized, local collections of blood that can rupture and bleed
Coagulopathies – these are clotting disorders that can cause bleeding within the abdomen as well as in other sites
Depending on the degree of blood loss, and how rapidly the blood is lost, a hemoperitoneum may be an emergency situation.
What to Watch For
Weakness
Collapse
Abdominal distension
Subcutaneous (under the skin) bruising
Increased respiratory effort
Pale mucus membranes (the best place to check is the gums or inner lining of the lips)
Other signs that might indicate a more chronic (longer term or gradual) blood loss include: anorexia, lethargy, intermittent weakness, and weight loss.
Diagnosis
A thorough history and physical exam is critical for prompt, and accurate diagnosis. Your veterinarian may also recommend:
Abdominal radiographs (x-rays)
Abdominocentesis (inserting a needle and syringe into the abdominal cavity) to obtain a sample for diagnostic evaluation
Fluid analysis of the retrieved sample is required for definitive evaluation
Complete blood count
Depending on your pet's condition and initial test results, additional tests that may be required. These may include:
Biochemical profile
Coagulation panel
Abdominal ultrasound
Computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Treatment
The general approach to treatment varies on the clinical condition of the patient and the cause of the hemoperitoneum. Therapy generally includes:
Intravenous fluid therapy
Blood transfusions
Belly wrap
Oxygen therapy
Analgesic therapy (pain medication)
Vitamin K administration
Emergency exploratory surgery
Home Care
A hemoperitoneum may be an emergency situation. Veterinary care should be given as soon as possible. Keep your pet calm and comfortable. Minimize stress until you can get to a veterinary hospital. Keep your pet warm. If a traumatic injury is suspected, be careful moving your pet, as fractures may be present.
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